September 2025: What is Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)? Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is an advanced form of AI that resembles human general intelligence. It's the next stage after the Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) which is specialized intelligence in specific area, and the stage preceding Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI) which is future prospected level of AI that's supposed to be exceeding human intelligence. At the AGI level, machines have cognitive abilities that are almost near human reasoning level. AGI machines are equipped with devices to sense the surroundings and perform cognitive analyses similar to human chain of thoughts to reach decisions and take actions. Such autonomy, while being desired in some aspects, brings several concerns that scientists are warning of as future risks related to evolution of AI research and technological development.
August 2025: What is DROC Analysis? DROC is an acronym standing for Drivers, Restrains, Opportunities, and Challenges. This analysis is one of the tools used in market research in order to understand the business environment for the purpose of planning marketing strategy. Drivers represent the market demand and customer requirements. Restrains represent the constraints, regulations, and any limitations that impede achievement of marketing goals. Opportunities are factors that can be exploited for support of goal achievement. Challenges are obstacles and risks in the business environment that can hinder progress. These four aspects can be internal or external, and are analyzed collectively so that marketing activities are based on insightful decisions. The same analysis may yield different implications for different companies in the same industry, depending on the specific factors and goals for each company. Analysis should be independent for each organization, there is no general purpose industry standard.
July 2025: How to calculate the three-point-estimate? The three-point-estimate is an estimation technique to calculate a potential value of an aspect, like estimating activity duration in project scheduling, or expected cost for some endeavors. The three points are the three values of the best case (optimistic) scenario, the worst case (pessimistic) scenario, and the most likely or most realistic scenario. The calculation is a weighted average of these values, where the estimate equals the optimistic (O) value, plus the pessimistic (P) value, plus the most likely (M) value multiplied by 4, all divided by 6: (O+P+4M)/6. these three values should be obtained from reliable source so that the estimate is meaningful. Sources include industry standards and best practices, or expert judgment like team members votes. This technique is one of the easiest and most popular estimation techniques, while there are other methods that can be more sound mathematically and statistically, depending on the context of the estimation.
June 2025: What is Benchmarking? Benchmarking is a measurement and assessment technique used to compare results from one process or functionality to an industry standard or average values for relevant or comparable entities. It's a technique applied in quality management or performance appraisal or similar disciplines, in order to calculate variance from average, analyze causes of deviation, and identify and plan corrective actions for improvement. Tools used for benchmarking are measurement tools suitable for the metrics and KPIs being compared. it's important to make sure relevant metrics are being measured and compared, measurements are conducted correctly so that values are reliable, and that comparison is being made against recognized and stable industry standards for relevant corresponding entities. Depending on the purpose of benchmarking, comparison can be made against specific competitors or top performers in the market.
May 2025: What is Cash Flow in Financial Management? Cash Flow is an important and basic concept in financial management. It plans and anticipates the incoming and outgoing flows of money within the scope under consideration. Cash flows are studied in order to determine liquidity at any point of time, so that business doesn't face uncovered liabilities. Cash flows also serve as an investment assessment tool, to determine how profitable is a certain investment, by understanding the upfront and ongoing investment and expenditures, and the expected rate of return and payback period of the investment. For this purpose, time value of money is a key concept, where both future value and present value of cash flows are calculated so that amounts of money earned or expended at different points of time are comparable. Cash flow statements are one type of main financial statements issued periodically by financial management of any entity to report financial activities, and it can address normal operational activities or long term investment activities.
April 2025: What is the Value-Added of External Consultants? External consultants are contracted by companies for various purposes. Aside from the specific task being assigned to them, external consultants are expected to provide additional insight, as opposed to internal consultants or experts. They bring with them the diverse experience they collected through working with several clients in different industries. In addition, they view the inside operations and processes from an independent and unbiased point of view, which allows them to be objective in their findings and recommendations, without being influenced by what they are used to do inside the organization or tending to compliment one side over the other under the influence of organizational politics. In light of that, external consultants are expected to be truthful, sincere, frank, ethical, and driven by the client interest. External consultants can be individuals or firms, and they accomplish their job by working with teams of internal and external staff, depending on needs of the project.
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